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When state and the theory and history of culture, the talk not only about religion, morality, art, but also about science, about philosophy. Although not all researchers, but many believe that the truth - one of the highest values of a culture that knowledge, education - its integral components that reasonableness, intellectual development - criteria cultural. And so, and it is not true. For insight into the culture that includes what is common rather civilization.
Indeed, there is a huge, permeates all human life reasonable scope of inquiry. The scope of activity of human consciousness, which is inconceivable without the development of any culture or civilization. The immediate objective knowledge - knowledge (practical action based on it - then). And not any knowledge, and true, which is denoted by the notion of "truth".
Cognition - apparently neprirodno; nature itself does not know, it is not truth and lies. Know man masters the world, penetrating into it and covering his idea. He mentally organizes the legal form and the world and themselves in relation to peace, lifeless and the living.
However, knowledge is different: donauchnym, academic and non, applied and fundamental, "Clean" is not targeting direct benefit. But in any case it can carry out and perform the role of Civilizations. Without knowledge, no real knowledge, civilization is not possible, a reasonable organization of life, society, human relationships, can not increase comfort of life in general progress. Cognition - this condition and a tool of civilization. It is useful, even if the process does not put any specific practical purpose.
The formula attributed to medieval philosopher Roger Bacon, "Knowledge - force" is correct. The process of learning - so the search for truth that can be used. (Another case - by whom, how and when). Another Bacon (Francis), philosopher of the New Time, rightly believe that the more we know, the more able.
Through knowledge we are able to change the world, meet and develop their own needs, not only vital but also spiritual.
It is therefore no doubt that the discovery - the phenomenon of civilization (largely rozhdayuschee it), a true knowledge of the truth - its value.
But whether the discovery (in particular scientific) phenomenon of culture? Was the truth - one of the highest values, along with the good, beauty, Vera? On these matters there is no clear and simple answers. And it is clear that in those respects in which the civilization and culture match, the knowledge is in the field of culture. In those aspects in which civilization as it ensures the existence and development of culture, learning, knowledge - is extremely valuable. The forms of life, behavior that distinguish the civilized man from the barbarian, usually reasonable and are based on knowledge. And these forms to some extent improved the lives, okulturivayut it. However, culture irreducibility to the civilization and cultural civilization to. It is not so much the obvious practicality of civilization and the "impracticability" culture, but in a different focus of both. Civilization helps a person get better in this world, to be (more and more comfortable), physical and spiritual existence. Culture is an expression of the improvement of human nature, the development of man by man, height and subtlety of his spiritual development.
Culture - is the combination of humanity (and not convenience!) Life, spirituality life. This - a set of values, that is, human relations, which, in the media which is implemented and executed this ochelovechennost, oblagorozhennost.
Put the questions now is: whether the discovery represents one of these forms, and truth - one of those values? Do we elevate the knowledge, and if so, in what respects and to what limit? The answers to both questions depend more on the fact of how cognition involved in a sense, used the word "truth".
Of course, in our time alone, it is obvious that ignorant people - nekulturen or malokulturen.
Cognition, knowledge, education, education - all this is necessary for culture. But on the other hand, it is equally obvious that knowledge and of itself knowledge of any case) does not make any man good, nor zlee, neither noble nor substance. Cognition and knowledge in the overall value-neutral. In any case, scientific knowledge, scientific truth. When the joke that the scientist - a person who satisfies his curiosity by the public, the joke in this great truth. This curiosity more valuable than the state nelyuboznatelnosti, reluctance to know. But a culture of the desire for knowledge, knowledge is relevant only if it is a special kind of knowledge, the truth of life, the truth of its meaning, rather than knowledge of the facts.
Therefore, say philosophy, the less involved in the culture, the more it seeks to be objective positive science, strict and precise knowledge of the world. But the more concerned about the philosophy smyslozhiznennoy issues, eternal problems of human existence and its values, the more it becomes a phenomenon and an expression of culture and its language. The philosophy that seeks human raison d'etre - awakens a desire to be truly human rights, including and in the process of learning the world, self, samoobreteniya. And just learning - it is only possible basis for the culture. Knowledge - needed to enrich the spiritual experience, but not enough either to the cultural high-level, or for what is sometimes referred to as this intelligence.
Education, intelligence and cultural
On the intelligence they went because it, like civility, often equated with cultural. A intelligent exactly are those people who are educated, ucheny, have knowledge of all kinds. Intelligentsia by definition - it is reasonable, educated, intellectual development of the inhabitants (B. Dal), public layer of people professionally involved in mental, mostly complex, creative work. And because the level of intellectuals are academics, teachers, doctors, engineers, people of art, etc. - to the extent it seems that this - the spiritual leader layer of people, which creates, develops and distributes the culture, maintains and creates value. And that is why intelligence (and its media intellectuals) - uncontested value of culture.
But those who are called intellectuals, may be at different levels of culture. For example, if a person (or group) is dominated by the needs of material and proprietary comfort of their own welfare, convenience, benefits, etc., for him estestvenen lowest level of culture. So important than oblagorozhennost life is their own benefit and self-interest. And mind, and education, and intellectuals are especially important in this regard, practical use, benefits. And while, say education, creating rich opportunities for the development of culture, it is not in itself provide high kulturnosti rights. How, though, and this intelligence. There is a difference not only between the educated and cultural people, but also between the so-called "obrazoventsiey and intellectuals. Neither the diploma of higher education, nor is loud academic degree or training complex mental, intellectual activity, did not reveal any cultural or about intelligence. Although, if indeed received a good education, then it may indicate a high degree of civility.
Education, which has direct relevance to the culture (as a means of development), still is the fruit of civilization and can remain in its field in the utility, as a "tool" of mental progress but, while not necessarily spiritual progress. Rousseau was right that on their own science, education, the arts do not provide development, such as morality. Someone said of the great, just well-educated people - most skuchnoe creature on earth.
Welcome to only skuchnoe! But education, even humanitarian, not a man or conscience, no discretion or mercy. It Is that gives knowledge about this, and such as this, the true intelligence, the true culture.
What is called intelligence, including education, but it is not enough. Intelligent - always formed, but educated people - not always an intellectual. And not always the culture. Education creates the possibility of withdrawal rights at a fairly high level of culture - "specialized", which is characterized by the dominance of interest in an activity, becoming, to some extent, an end in itself. Educated people can get involved in knowledge, science, scientific and technical creativity so that the comfort, convenience, life, personal profit retreat into the background. It seems that in their living spirit triumphs over brute benefit, and that some people are really highly intelligent and cultural. This misconception is understandable. It is - scientists, inventors, teachers, doctors. They create and transmit values, in many ways really enrich culture, are searching for the truth.
But then why I speak of delusion? Because, ironically, not only those who are called intellectuals, but also those who actually are - are not necessarily people of high culture. Even the specialized level of its limited, first, very special. Unforgettable K. Prutkov noticed that a specialist like flux: he and other unilateral. CH.-P. Snow opened for all the existence of a culture supposedly "two cultures", that is obvious to the twentieth century polarization spiritual world (where two poles olitsetvorili artistic intellectuals and scientists: physicists, mathematicians, biologists, and engineers). Many British scientists, for example, confusedly told him that "tried" by Dickens (and do not read serious fiction), and humanities, and artists do not understand neither the language of science or values nauchnotehnicheskoy revolution. These manifestations of civilization incomplete, in part, arose from the narrowness of the scope of professional activity, and hence has followed the common spiritual limitations, the inability to adequately perceive and evaluate those events and civilization and culture, which did not fit in the living affiliation. One-sided human development has been in the twentieth century civilization's inevitable, in connection with the division of labor, including mental (and creatively).
Secondly, more important than what is said about civilization and as mentioned yet Democritus: scientists do not yet made a good person. And not only scientists but also talent and skill in any of the areas. This is important because a person high, full of culture higher its level, which dominates the need - the need for the life of another person, the main value - the other, and not abstract and concrete people. Of course, we can not say that every good man - culture, but a full culture involves so designed precisely identifying humanity of man. Culture at this level serves primarily in the ongoing values of conscience, honesty, compassion, tolerance, sensitivity, taste, desire and ability to understand and "take" another person, another ethnicity, another culture. Blaise Pascal, wrote that all creation is not worth very mediocre minds, "... because it can get to know all the flesh and himself ...", not without reason further stated: "All flesh, taken together, and all reasonable, taken together, and all that they engender, not samomaleyshego gust of Mercy." Full culture manifests itself in this and checked it. No one impulses, and not just gusts, the truth, but also the ability to show, for example mercy in the form of a human. It is important because, and the extent to which people internal culture, and how organic it is their culture outside, in relation to other people, other cultures.
Neither science nor education nor professional mental exercises, and even artists, labor, intellectual spiritual activity - not in themselves provide a level of culture, that is the real culture that is the only culture in the full sense of the word.
So, or the layer, which is commonly called the intelligentsia, is not necessarily - the spiritual leader layer of people, vysokokulturny segment of the population. Or the notion of "intellectuals" have to understand, giving it additional meaning and bearing in mind that constantly confused "intelligence" and "education", "cultural" and "civility".
For many Russian intellectuals have claimed that they were not so civilized, but rather represent the highest level of culture, and are designed to teach "as arrange Russia", the spiritual lift of others, and in Russia and abroad, and thus serve the needs of people, promote people's happiness, happiness of mankind. Large parts of the layer feature that S. Bulgakov called: "extremes narodopoklonnichestva and spiritual aristokratizma."
On the other hand, the Russian intelligentsia (though not only her) visible and attacked utilitarianism. C. Frank believed that: "Russian foreign intellectual and partly hostile notion of culture in the strict sense." Because, speaking of culture, we constantly have in view the need for its practical application, use. Culture is important, if it is something which, if it is - a means, say the political mechanism of public education, education, streamlining of public life. Responding to this, Frank rightly wrote that culture is not a means and the objective of human activity that it does not serve the improvement of human nature, and itself is so improved.
It seems to me that intelligence and cultural manifestations in the best of both - is largely identical to the actual content of these concepts. And in any case in the sense that the intelligence - is not a means to something: the state, which should strive to seek to be (not appear) intelligent. And this is just an end in itself, as and cultural rights.
But the knowledge, skills, education, education - can be and are equipped to achievements of, conservation, distribution and development of culture. And the truth, which is the relevant knowledge about reality - the reality, the truth (or rather the truth) facts, just as a service in relation to culture. But the notion of "truth" is used in another sense, in which both described it as the value of culture.
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